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Getting Started With Gradle

Post Date: 14 Aug 2018
 
 

Overview

The following page will be an excellent guide with getting started with the gradle build system in your Java™ projects.  Use this guide as a reference when using Gradle as a build system for the very first time.

What is Gradle?

Gradle is an evolutionary build system that extends upon the concepts of the Apache Ant and the Apache Maven build system.  The project configuration is based off the Groovy DSL (Domain-specific Language) as opposed to the XML form used by Apache Maven.

Downloading and Installing Gradle

Gradle runs on all major operating systems and requires a Java JDK version 7 or higher to run.  In order for gradle to run, the JAVA_HOME environment variable must be set.

For the details on installing the Java Development Kit (JDK) please refer to this document:

An example of how to check JAVA_HOME environment variable in a Mac OS:

$ echo $JAVA_HOME
/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_131.jdk/Contents/Home

Check and make sure Java is installed and in the system path:

$ java -version
java version "1.8.0_131"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_131-b11)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.131-b11, mixed mode)

There are several ways to install gradle.  This document will cover the basic installation of a downloaded zip from the Gradle Releases page.

A common place to install software tools in *nix is in the /usr/local folder.  For the purpose of this document, the gradle install path will be /usr/local/gradle. In windows, it would be in C:\java.

Alternative Ways to Install Gradle

There are package managers or installers that will provide an easier way to install gradle.  If you are familiar with such package managers or installers, here are several examples on alternative ways to install java tools software like gradle.  Please note that the installation will also automatically add gradle to your system path.  You may still need to do the manual steps to create the GRADLE_HOME environment variable.

Using Homebrew

$ brew update && brew install gradle

Using Scoop

$ scoop install gradle

Using SDKMAN!

$ sdk install gradle 3.5.1

Environment Variables and System Paths

Environment Variable for *NIX Systems

In this example, the following environment variable is set for *nix systems:

GRADLE_HOME=/usr/local/gradle

Environment Variable for Windows™

For Windows, the following environment variable is set:

GRADLE_HOME=C:\java\gradle

Adding gradle to the system path will allow you to directly use gradle without having to specify the full path.  This is a convenient way to execute a command.

When gradle is not in the system path, the command to execute will be as follows:

$ /usr/local/gradle/bin/gradle --version

When gradle is in the system path, it may be executed without specifying the entire path:

$ gradle --version

Mac OS™

Add the following export line in your $HOME/.bashrc file

export GRADLE_HOME=/usr/local/apache-maven

Add the following entry to your /etc/paths file as shown on line #7.

$ cat /etc/paths
/usr/local/bin
/usr/bin
/bin
/usr/sbin
/sbin
/usr/local/gradle/bin

Other Unix and Linux Systems

Line #1 will define the environment variable GRADLE_HOME.  Line #2 will add gradle to the system path.

export GRADLE_HOME=/usr/local/apache-maven
export PATH=$PATH:$GRADLE_HOME/bin</pre>

Verify in *nix operating systems that gradle is in the system path by executing this command in the terminal.

$ gradle --version
------------------------------------------------------------
Gradle 3.5
------------------------------------------------------------

Build time:   2017-04-10 13:37:25 UTC
Revision:     b762622a185d59ce0cfc9cbc6ab5dd22469e18a6

Groovy:       2.4.10
Ant:          Apache Ant(TM) version 1.9.6 compiled on June 29 2015
JVM:          1.8.0_131 (Oracle Corporation 25.131-b11)
OS:           Mac OS X 10.12.5 x86_64</pre>

Windows™

Setup the environment variable in a Windows operating system by following the series of steps below.

The second part of a JDK Windows installation is to add gradle to the system path.

Verify gradle is in the system path by executing the following in the DOS command console.

C:\> gradle --version

Your First Gradle Project

Create Project Directory

Execute the following commands to create the project directory:

$ mkdir my-first-app
$ cd my-first-app</pre>

Create a Gradle Wrapper

Execute the following command to initialize gradle wrapper:

my-first-app$ gradle wrapper
:wrapper

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 1.726 secs

Here are the files generated by the wrapper task.

my-first-app$ tree
.
├── gradle
│   └── wrapper                                  
│       ├── gradle-wrapper.jar
│       └── gradle-wrapper.properties
├── gradlew
└── gradlew.bat

2 directories, 4 files

Created Files

The gradle-wrapper.properties file

my-first-app$ cat gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
#Sat Jun 23 19:16:07 PDT 2016
distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
distributionPath=wrapper/dists
zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
zipStorePath=wrapper/dists
distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-3.5-bin.zip

Initialize a New Gradle Build

Run the gradlew init command:

my-first-app$ ./gradlew init
:wrapper UP-TO-DATE
:init

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 2.377 secs</pre>

The build.gradle and settings.gradle files were generated by the init task as show on line #3 and #10 respectively.

my-first-app$ tree
.
├── build.gradle
├── gradle
│   └── wrapper
│       ├── gradle-wrapper.jar
│       └── gradle-wrapper.properties
├── gradlew
├── gradlew.bat
└── settings.gradle

The build.gradle file

The contents of build.gradle file will contain a template with the java plugin block commented.  You may enable this block by deleting the start and end of the block comment on lines #9 and #31 of the generated code shown on Code Snippet 4.0.

Code Snippet 4.0.  The generated build.gradle file

The following code snippet shows the uncommented block to enable the java plugin support.

Code Snippet 4.1.  The build.gradlew file with the block comments removed.

/*
 * This build file was generated by the Gradle 'init' task.
 *
 * This generated file contains a commented-out sample Java project to get you started.
 * For more details take a look at the Java Quickstart chapter in the Gradle
 * user guide available at https://docs.gradle.org/3.5/userguide/tutorial_java_projects.html
 */


// Apply the java plugin to add support for Java
apply plugin: 'java'

// In this section you declare where to find the dependencies of your project
repositories {
    // Use 'jcenter' for resolving your dependencies.
    // You can declare any Maven/Ivy/file repository here.
    jcenter()
}

// In this section you declare the dependencies for your production and test code
dependencies {
    // The production code uses the SLF4J logging API at compile time
    compile 'org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.22'

    // Declare the dependency for your favourite test framework you want to use in your tests.
    // TestNG is also supported by the Gradle Test task. Just change the
    // testCompile dependency to testCompile 'org.testng:testng:6.8.1' and add
    // 'test.useTestNG()' to your build script.
    testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'
}

Initialize Your Project

Project Layout

The default project layout that the java plugin implicitly uses is shown below.

Table 1.0.  The default project layout

Directory Description
src/main/java The production Java code
src/main/resources The production resources file
src/test/java The test java code
src/test/resources The test java resources file

Create the source directories:

$ mkdir -p src/main/java src/test/java

For the purpose of this demonstration create a simple App.java and AppTest.java in the package com.kapresoft.   The src directory should contain the following files.

my-first-app$ tree ./src
./src
├── main
│   └── java
│       └── com
│           └── kapresoft
│               └── App.java
└── test
    └── java
        └── com
            └── kapresoft
                └── AppTest.java

8 directories, 2 files

App.java

package com.kapresoft;

/**
 * Hello world!
 *
 */
public class App
{
    public String getAppId() {
        return "hello-world";
    }

    public static void main( String[] args )
    {
        System.out.println( "Hello World!" );
    }
}

AppTest.java

package com.kapresoft;

import junit.framework.TestCase;

/**
 * Unit test for simple App.
 */
public class AppTest extends TestCase {

    public void testAppId() {
        App app = new App();
        assertEquals("App ID", "hello-world", app.getAppId());
    }

}

Build Your Project

Now that we have created the App.java and AppTest.java we are ready to build the project.

This can be done by executing the build task as show below.

my-first-app$ ./gradlew build
:compileJava
:processResources NO-SOURCE
:classes
:jar
:assemble
:compileTestJava
:processTestResources NO-SOURCE
:testClasses
:test
:check
:build

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 7.544 se

Run Your App

Run your App using the built jar library

my-first-app$ java -cp build/libs/my-first-app.jar com.kapresoft.App
Hello World!

Or you may run using the built classes folder

my-first-app$ java -cp build/classes/main com.kapresoft.App
Hello World!

Useful Gradle Commands

Gradle Tasks

Gradle provides many available automated tasks. For the purpose of this documentation we are only interested in the build task. Please refer to the Gradle documentation for full details.

The following command will display all available tasks for the project.

my-first-app$ gradlew tasks --all
:tasks

------------------------------------------------------------
All tasks runnable from root project
------------------------------------------------------------

Build tasks
-----------
assemble - Assembles the outputs of this project.
build - Assembles and tests this project.
buildDependents - Assembles and tests this project and all projects that depend on it.
buildNeeded - Assembles and tests this project and all projects it depends on.
classes - Assembles main classes.
clean - Deletes the build directory.
jar - Assembles a jar archive containing the main classes.
testClasses - Assembles test classes.

Build Setup tasks
-----------------
init - Initializes a new Gradle build.
wrapper - Generates Gradle wrapper files.

Documentation tasks
-------------------
javadoc - Generates Javadoc API documentation for the main source code.

Help tasks
----------
buildEnvironment - Displays all buildscript dependencies declared in root project 'my-first-app'.
components - Displays the components produced by root project 'my-first-app'. [incubating]
dependencies - Displays all dependencies declared in root project 'my-first-app'.
dependencyInsight - Displays the insight into a specific dependency in root project 'my-first-app'.
dependentComponents - Displays the dependent components of components in root project 'my-first-app'. [incubating]
help - Displays a help message.
model - Displays the configuration model of root project 'my-first-app'. [incubating]
projects - Displays the sub-projects of root project 'my-first-app'.
properties - Displays the properties of root project 'my-first-app'.
tasks - Displays the tasks runnable from root project 'my-first-app'.

Verification tasks
------------------
check - Runs all checks.
test - Runs the unit tests.

Other tasks
-----------
compileJava - Compiles main Java source.
compileTestJava - Compiles test Java source.
processResources - Processes main resources.
processTestResources - Processes test resources.

Rules
-----
Pattern: clean&lt;TaskName&gt;: Cleans the output files of a task.
Pattern: build&lt;ConfigurationName&gt;: Assembles the artifacts of a configuration.
Pattern: upload&lt;ConfigurationName&gt;: Assembles and uploads the artifacts belonging to a configuration.

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 0.961 secs

Gradle Help

If you need more details on a particular task you may use the built-in help.

This command will display help on the build task.

my-first-app$ gradlew help --task build
:help
Detailed task information for build

Path
     :build

Type
     Task (org.gradle.api.Task)

Description
     Assembles and tests this project.

Group
     build

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 0.923 secs

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Java Comprehensive Guide
Post Date: 17 May 2023
Java is a versatile programming language that has gained widespread popularity for its platform independence and robustness. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the various aspects of Java programming, covering essential concepts, tools, and best practices.
Java • Converting Strings To Map
Post Date: 03 May 2023
This article discusses converting a string of key-value pairs that are delimited by a specific character, known as a delimiter, into a Map in Java.
Maven vs Gradle
Post Date: 01 May 2023
Maven and Gradle are two of the most popular build automation tools for Java-based projects. Both tools are designed to simplify the build process, manage dependencies, and facilitate project organization.
Java 19 Virtual Threads
Post Date: 04 Apr 2023
In this article, we will provide an overview of virtual threads in Java and their use in concurrent programming. We will define what virtual threads are and how they differ from normal threads. Additionally, we will discuss the benefits of virtual threads over traditional concurrency approaches and provide code examples to illustrate the differences between the two.
Decoupling Domain Objects: Simplifying System Architecture
Post Date: 31 Mar 2023
When you design an object-oriented system from top to bottom, sometimes the objects that represent the “domain” (what the system is about) don’t match the objects that represent the “entities” (what the system stores). To solve this problem, you can use a technique called “decoupling” to separate the layers of objects.
Java Final Modifier
Post Date: 27 Mar 2023
In Java, the final keyword (also known as a modifier) is used to mark a variable, method, or class as immutable, meaning its value or behavior cannot be modified once it has been initialized.
Java Records
Post Date: 14 Mar 2023
A Java record is a new feature introduced in Java 14 that allows developers to create a class that is primarily used to store data. A record is essentially a concise way to define a class that consists mainly of state (fields) and accessors (getters).
Java 17 Features
Post Date: 14 Mar 2023
JDK 17, introduces several new features and improvements, including enhanced random number generators, new encoding-specific methods for the String class, and default classes for Java ciphers. It also removes the experimental AOT and JIT compilers, and introduces support for Sealed Classes and Records. These changes provide developers with more flexibility and control, making it easier to write efficient and secure Java applications.
Java Optional - Why Developers Prefer Optional Values
Post Date: 12 May 2019
This article discusses the use of Java Optional to introduce optional values instead of null. We will deep dive into understanding why developers prefer the Optional class to clearly communicate an optional value as opposed to a vague null representation of a variable.
Java • Int to String Conversion Guide
Post Date: 11 May 2019
In Java, often times the ability to return a string representing the specified integer is a common task. This article illustrates several mechanisms to convert int to a string in Java. In the opposite scenario, the means to resolve an integer representing the value of the specified String. The returned value is an Integer object that is the equivalent integer value of the argument string.
Java • Double to String Conversion | Beginner's Guide
Post Date: 11 May 2019
Converting double to a String value in Java has been a typical task to do for software development. This article discusses the various ways on how to convert a double to a string in Java. While there are advantages in representing a double to its String object representation, the opposite task of converting a String object to a double can also be addressed. This document examines the reasons why conversions of double in Java are beneficial for beginners who are learning to develop in java.
Setting Java Compiler Version in Maven
Post Date: 27 Aug 2018
This document demonstrates ways to set the java compiler version in maven via the maven.compiler.target property and the maven-compiler-plugin configuration section.
Getting Started with Maven Build System in Java Projects
Post Date: 16 Aug 2018
The following page will illustrate how to get started with the maven build system in your java projects.  Use this guide as a reference when using Maven for the very first time.
Getting Started With Java
Post Date: 15 Aug 2018
The following page will illustrate how to get started with the Java Programming Language.  In addition, this document provides an overview of how to install java and the environment variables you will need to set.  A hands-on approach illustrates how to compile and run your first Hello World java code.