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Getting Started with Maven Build System in Java Projects

Post Date: 16 Aug 2018
 
 

Overview

The following page will illustrate how to get started with the maven build system in your java projects.  Use this guide as a reference when using Maven for the very first time.

Table of Contents

  1. Prerequisite
  2. What is Maven?
  3. Downloading and Installing Maven
  4. Environment Variables and System Paths
  5. Your First Maven Project

1.  Prerequisite

2.  What is Maven?

Maven is a project management utility that provides a means to manage builds, dependencies, documentation, reporting, source control management, releases and distribution.

3.  Downloading and Installing Maven

Mac OS™ and other Unix or Linux Systems

Download Maven and install where you usually put your java tools.  A common place to put them in a Unix/Linux system is /usr/local/.  For the purpose of this document, the maven install path will be /usr/local/apache-maven.

Windows™

In Windows, use a common place to install your java tools like C:\java.  For the purpose of this document, the maven install path will be C:\java\apache-maven.

4.  Environment Variables and System Paths

Mac OS™ and other Unix or Linux Systems

M2_HOME=/usr/local/apache-maven

Windows™

M2_HOME=C:\java\apache-maven

Specifying a path will allow you to directly use the maven command “mvn” without having to specify the full path.  This is a convenient way to execute a command.

When maven is not in the system path, the command to execute maven looks like this:

$ /usr/local/apache-maven/bin/mvn --version

When Maven is in the system path, maven can be executed from anywhere without specifying the entire path.

$ mvn --version
Output:
 Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM warning: ignoring option MaxPermSize=128m; support was removed in 8.0
 Apache Maven 3.3.3 (7994120775791599e205a5524ec3e0dfe41d4a06; 2015-04-22T04:57:37-07:00)
 Maven home: /usr/local/apache-maven
 Java version: 1.8.0_161, vendor: Oracle Corporation
 Java home: /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_161.jdk/Contents/Home/jre
 Default locale: en_US, platform encoding: UTF-8
 OS name: "mac os x", version: "10.13.6", arch: "x86_64", family: "mac"

Mac OS™

Add the following export line in your $HOME/.bashrc file

export M2_HOME=/usr/local/apache-maven

Add the following entry to your /etc/paths file as shown on line #7.

$ cat /etc/paths
Output:
 /usr/local/bin
 /usr/bin
 /bin
 /usr/sbin
 /sbin
 /usr/local/apache-maven/bin

Other Unix and Linux Systems

Line #1 will define the environment variable M2_HOME. Line #2 will add maven to the system path.

export M2_HOME=/usr/local/apache-maven
export PATH=$PATH:$M2_HOME/bin

Verify in Mac and other Unix/Linux Systems that maven is in the system path by executing this command in the terminal.

$ mvn --version
Output:
 Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM warning: ignoring option MaxPermSize=128m; support was removed in 8.0
 Apache Maven 3.3.3 (7994120775791599e205a5524ec3e0dfe41d4a06; 2015-04-22T04:57:37-07:00)
 Maven home: /usr/local/apache-maven
 Java version: 1.8.0_131, vendor: Oracle Corporation
 Java home: /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_131.jdk/Contents/Home/jre
 Default locale: en_US, platform encoding: UTF-8
 OS name: "mac os x", version: "10.12.5", arch: "x86_64", family: "mac"

Windows™

Setup the environment variable in a windows system by following the series of steps below.

The second part of a JDK Windows installation is to add the Maven to the system path.

From the Environment Variables window in the previous step, search for the path variable in the System Variables section and click the Edit button. Add %M2_HOME%\bin to the beginning of the semi-colon (;) separated list of paths. In Windows 10, just add a new path entry instead with the value %M2_HOME%\bin.

Verify maven is in the system path by executing the following in the DOS command console.

C:\> mvn --version

5.  Your First Maven Project

Creating your first maven project can be done in several ways. One convenient way is to use the Maven’s archetype mechanism.

$ mvn -B archetype:generate \
  -DarchetypeGroupId=org.apache.maven.archetypes \
  -DgroupId=com.kapresoft \
  -DartifactId=my-first-app

Please note that the backslash () character is a special character for *nix systems. The above can be written in one single line as shown here.

$ mvn -B archetype:generate -DarchetypeGroupId=org.apache.maven.archetypes -DgroupId=com.kapresoft -DartifactId=my-first-app

Output:

[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building Maven Stub Project (No POM) 1
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] >>> maven-archetype-plugin:2.3:generate (default-cli) > generate-sources @ standalone-pom >>>
[INFO]
[INFO] <<< maven-archetype-plugin:2.3:generate (default-cli) < generate-sources @ standalone-pom <<<
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-archetype-plugin:2.3:generate (default-cli) @ standalone-pom ---
[INFO] Generating project in Batch mode
[INFO] No archetype defined. Using maven-archetype-quickstart (org.apache.maven.archetypes:maven-archetype-quickstart:1.0)
[INFO] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Using following parameters for creating project from Old (1.x) Archetype: maven-archetype-quickstart:1.0
[INFO] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Parameter: basedir, Value: /Users/kapresoft
[INFO] Parameter: package, Value: com.kapresoft.com
[INFO] Parameter: groupId, Value: com.kapresoft.com
[INFO] Parameter: artifactId, Value: my-first-app
[INFO] Parameter: packageName, Value: com.kapresoft.com
[INFO] Parameter: version, Value: 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] project created from Old (1.x) Archetype in dir: /Users/kapresoft/my-first-app
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 3.311 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2017-07-16T09:35:19-07:00
[INFO] Final Memory: 13M/198M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Inspect the directory contents and you will see get familiarize with the project structure depicted on Figure 4.  The pom.xml (1), App.java (2), and the AppTest.java (3) were created the generating this archetype.

Figure 4.  Maven project structure

Maven Project Structure

Alternatively, you can use the *nix tree command using the terminal to display the following directory tree content.

$ tree my-first-app
Output:
 ├── pom.xml
 ├── src
 │   ├── main
 │   │   └── java
 │   │       └── com
 │   │           └── kapresoft
 │   │               └── App.java
 │   └── test
 │       └── java
 │           └── com
 │               └── kapresoft
 │                   └── AppTest.java

Project Components

The POM XML File (pom.xml)

The pom.xml is the Project Object Model file.  This is an XML configuration file that contains all necessary information about a project.

Since Maven is by convention, a jar project should be able to compile a java class that utilizes the standard JDK library.  In this example the AppTest class is a class used for unit testing and relies on the junit library.  Library dependencies are declared under the dependencies element of the pom file.

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">

    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.kapresoft.com</groupId>
    <artifactId>my-first-app</artifactId>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>my-first-app</name>
    <url>http://maven.apache.org</url>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>3.8.1</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

App.java

The App class is your java class containing code to print out “Hello World!”.

package com.kapresoft.com;

/**
 * Hello world!
 *
 */
public class App
{
    public static void main( String[] args )
    {
        System.out.println( "Hello World!" );
    }
}

AppTest.java

The AppTest class is a class used for unit testing the App class.  In this simple example the AppTest class is using a simple assertion.  In a real world test, the test class will be making assertions against the App class to satisfy a usecase.

package com.kapresoft.com;

import junit.framework.Test;
import junit.framework.TestCase;
import junit.framework.TestSuite;

/**
 * Unit test for simple App.
 */
public class AppTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * Create the test case
     *
     * @param testName name of the test case
     */
    public AppTest( String testName )
    {
        super( testName );
    }

    /**
     * @return the suite of tests being tested
     */
    public static Test suite()
    {
        return new TestSuite( AppTest.class );
    }

    /**
     * Rigourous Test :-)
     */
    public void testApp()
    {
        assertTrue( true );
    }
}

Building your Maven Project

Run the compile command

Change to the project directory my-first-app and run the maven compile command.  This will compile the App and the AppTest classes.

my-first-app$ mvn compile
Output:
 Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM warning: ignoring option MaxPermSize=128m; support was removed in 8.0
 [INFO] Scanning for projects...
 [INFO]
 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 [INFO] Building my-first-app 1.0-SNAPSHOT
 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 [INFO]
 [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ my-first-app ---
 [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
 [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory /Users/kapresoft/my-first-app/src/main/resources
 [INFO]
 [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:compile (default-compile) @ my-first-app ---
 [INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module!
 [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent!
 [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to /Users/kapresoft/my-first-app/target/classes
 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 [INFO] Total time: 1.961 s
 [INFO] Finished at: 2016-07-16T18:48:19-07:00
 [INFO] Final Memory: 13M/245M
 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Run the compile command with clean option

Optionally, you may instruct maven to scrub clean the project build files which is by default named the target directory.

my-first-app$ mvn clean compile

Packaging your Maven Project

Run the following maven command when packaging the jar file.

my-first-app$ mvn package

Run the App

You may run the app by setting the classpath parameter “-cp” to the compiled classes folder.

my-first-app$ java -cp target/classes com.kapresoft.App
Output:
 Hello World!

Alternatively, after running the maven package command, you may run the app by setting the classpath to the packaged jar file in the target folder.

my-first-app$ java -cp target/my-first-app-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar com.kapresoft.App
Output:
 Hello World!

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Java • Converting Strings To Map
Post Date: 03 May 2023
This article discusses converting a string of key-value pairs that are delimited by a specific character, known as a delimiter, into a Map in Java.
Maven vs Gradle
Post Date: 01 May 2023
Maven and Gradle are two of the most popular build automation tools for Java-based projects. Both tools are designed to simplify the build process, manage dependencies, and facilitate project organization.
Java 19 Virtual Threads
Post Date: 04 Apr 2023
In this article, we will provide an overview of virtual threads in Java and their use in concurrent programming. We will define what virtual threads are and how they differ from normal threads. Additionally, we will discuss the benefits of virtual threads over traditional concurrency approaches and provide code examples to illustrate the differences between the two.
Decoupling Domain Objects: Simplifying System Architecture
Post Date: 31 Mar 2023
When you design an object-oriented system from top to bottom, sometimes the objects that represent the “domain” (what the system is about) don’t match the objects that represent the “entities” (what the system stores). To solve this problem, you can use a technique called “decoupling” to separate the layers of objects.
Java Final Modifier
Post Date: 27 Mar 2023
In Java, the final keyword (also known as a modifier) is used to mark a variable, method, or class as immutable, meaning its value or behavior cannot be modified once it has been initialized.
Java Records
Post Date: 14 Mar 2023
A Java record is a new feature introduced in Java 14 that allows developers to create a class that is primarily used to store data. A record is essentially a concise way to define a class that consists mainly of state (fields) and accessors (getters).
Java 17 Features
Post Date: 14 Mar 2023
JDK 17, introduces several new features and improvements, including enhanced random number generators, new encoding-specific methods for the String class, and default classes for Java ciphers. It also removes the experimental AOT and JIT compilers, and introduces support for Sealed Classes and Records. These changes provide developers with more flexibility and control, making it easier to write efficient and secure Java applications.
Java Optional - Why Developers Prefer Optional Values
Post Date: 12 May 2019
This article discusses the use of Java Optional to introduce optional values instead of null. We will deep dive into understanding why developers prefer the Optional class to clearly communicate an optional value as opposed to a vague null representation of a variable.
Java • Int to String Conversion Guide
Post Date: 11 May 2019
In Java, often times the ability to return a string representing the specified integer is a common task. This article illustrates several mechanisms to convert int to a string in Java. In the opposite scenario, the means to resolve an integer representing the value of the specified String. The returned value is an Integer object that is the equivalent integer value of the argument string.
Java • Double to String Conversion | Beginner's Guide
Post Date: 11 May 2019
Converting double to a String value in Java has been a typical task to do for software development. This article discusses the various ways on how to convert a double to a string in Java. While there are advantages in representing a double to its String object representation, the opposite task of converting a String object to a double can also be addressed. This document examines the reasons why conversions of double in Java are beneficial for beginners who are learning to develop in java.
Setting Java Compiler Version in Maven
Post Date: 27 Aug 2018
This document demonstrates ways to set the java compiler version in maven via the maven.compiler.target property and the maven-compiler-plugin configuration section.
Getting Started With Java
Post Date: 15 Aug 2018
The following page will illustrate how to get started with the Java Programming Language.  In addition, this document provides an overview of how to install java and the environment variables you will need to set.  A hands-on approach illustrates how to compile and run your first Hello World java code.
Getting Started With Gradle
Post Date: 14 Aug 2018
The following page will be an excellent guide with getting started with the gradle build system in your Java™ projects.  Use this guide as a reference when using Gradle as a build system for the very first time.